Name two hazard analysis methods besides HAZOP.

• A. What-If/Checklist and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA).
• B. Bow-Tie analysis and HAZOP.
• C. Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis.
• D. Quantitative Risk Assessment and Layer of Protection Analysis.

Answer: (A)

The main idea is identifying hazards using alternative structured techniques besides HAZOP. What-If/Checklist is a flexible brainstorming method that uses prompts to explore possible deviations from normal operation, unsafe conditions, and potential consequences. It helps teams surface scenarios a HAZOP might miss and can be applied at various design or operation stages to widen the hazard search. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) focuses on how individual components or steps could fail, what the effects would be on the system, and what causes those failures. It then rates risk and guides prioritization of safeguards, providing a clear, failure-focused view at the component or process-step level.

Together, they cover different angles: What-If/Checklist broadens hazard identification through scenario thinking, while FMEA adds a structured analysis of potential failures and their impacts. Other methods like Bow-Tie analysis or Fault Tree/Event Tree analyses are valuable risk tools but serve different purposes (barrier management or cause-consequence analysis) rather than the primary hazard identification emphasis of What-If and FMEA. Quantitative tools like QRA or Layer of Protection Analysis focus more on risk quantification and protection layers than on initial hazard discovery.